* ATTACHED BELOW IS THE BLANK TEMPLATE NEEDED TO COMPLETE ASSIGNMENT, AS WELL AS AN ESSAY THAT GIVES INFORMATION ABOUT THE PICOT QUESTION.
– The PICOT Question needed to complete assignment is: In adult smokers (P) how does the use of smoking cessation programs (I) compare to standard smoking cessation methods such as a combination of nicotine replacement therapy or Varenicline (C) influence complete smoking cessation (O) during a period of six months of starting The intervention (T)?
Students will develop an E-Poster presentation that includes the following criteria:
– Edit the categories on the E-Poster template to meet the needs of this assignment (template attached below).
2. Describe the problem related to the approved PICOT question from Week 1.
3. State the PICOT question and describe the components.
4. Describe the intervention.
5. Summarize the evidence that supports the intervention (internal and external evidence).
6. Provide a summary of the pilot project for the intervention
7. Explain the implications of the intervention on practice and the science of nursing.
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Translate the Evidence into Practice
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The problem, the PICOT Question, and the Intervention
Smoking is considered to be a top causative factor of preventable morbidities and
mortalities worldwide. Even though various efforts have been put in place to help in dealing with
the issue of smoking behavior, a greater percentage of individuals, especially adults, continue with
such behaviors. As a result, there is exposure to severe health complications and greater medical
costs. It exposes individuals to cardiovascular illness and cancer (Varghese & Muntode Gharde,
2023). Regardless of the awareness of the associated risks, most smokers find it hard to quit the
behavior because of nicotine addiction. Traditional smoking cessation involves nicotine
replacement therapy (NRT) and drugs like Varenicline. Nevertheless, the success of
comprehensive smoking cessation programs that usually include behavioral support and
individualized counseling helps in providing better outcomes. Therefore, the focus of this
discussion is examining the issue of smoking as a health issue guided by the PICOT question of:
In adult smokers (P) how does the use of smoking cessation programs (I) compare to standard
smoking cessation methods such as a combination of nicotine replacement therapy or Varenicline
(C) influence complete smoking cessation (O) during six months of starting The intervention (T)?
Interventions
The chosen intervention is the comprehensive smoking cessation program that involves
behavioral therapy, individualized counseling, and the ongoing support. Such programs are
developed to help in addressing both physical and psychological aspects of nicotine addiction,
offering more holistic strategy to the smoking cessation process.
Description of the Pilot Project
The implementation of the pilot project will involve a cohort of 50 adult patients who are
smokers of age 18 years and above and prepared to quit the smoking habit. The recruitment of
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these participants will be focused on the primary care clinics. The intervention to be used for these
participants involves a comprehensive smoking cessation program that includes behavioral
therapy, individualized counseling, and ongoing support using follow-up sessions and phone calls.
The pilot project will be carried out for more than six months, with participant recruitment
occurring in the first month and intervention spanning the remaining five months. The chosen
participants will be grouped into two categories. The first group will receive a comprehensive
smoking cessation program, while the other group will be provided with standard care that includes
NRT and Varenicline. The two groups will be monitored regularly by practicing the follow-up
procedure and phone calls to help assess the progress and offer extra support.
Description of Particular Model or Framework
The chosen model, the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TIM), will be relied on as an
essential framework in promoting the implementation of the smoking cessation intervention. The
TIM model is considered a comprehensive framework delineating the process of intentional
behavior change using five unique stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
and maintenance. Such a model emphasizes that personal progress through such stages is at their
own pace, and measures have to be developed to ensure the effectiveness of the present stage
(Tseng et al., 2022). For example, those in the pre-contemplation stage might need education and
awareness regarding the harms of smoking. In contrast, the individuals in the preparation stage are
likely to benefit from setting a quitting date and receiving concrete approaches for the management
of their smoking cravings. Applying the TTM model makes it possible for the proposed
intervention to offer individualized support, tackling every participant’s unique needs and
preparedness. The tailored strategy is essential in fostering motivation, improving self-efficacy,
and ultimately increasing the possibilities of successful and long-term smoking cessation.
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Description of the Stakeholders and Their Roles in the Pilot Project
Various stakeholders play a crucial role in the success of the pilot project. One of the
stakeholders is the patients or participants. The participants in this case are the smokers who are
the program’s primary beneficiaries. They will actively participate in the intervention and offer
feedback on its effectiveness (Trankle et al., 2020). The other stakeholders are healthcare
professionals, and in this case, they include physicians and nurses. They help identify potential
participants. They also offer initial counseling and the administration of the smoking cessation
program.
The other stakeholders are the behavioral therapists directly involved in delivering
behavioral therapy and individualized counseling sessions. They help develop the interventions as
per the needs of the individuals or participants. Clinical administrators also form an essential
stakeholder (Sommerfeld et al., 2020). They will help supervise the program, ensuring the
availability of the resources and adherence to the procedures.
Strategies
Various strategies can be adopted to promote stakeholder engagement. One of the strategies
is education and training. In this case, there is a need to provide comprehensive training sessions
for medical professionals and behavioral therapists on the role and implementation of the smoking
cessation program (Petkovic et al., 2020). Education and training about such programs will help
ensure that medical professionals are prepared and motivated to support the proposed project.
The other intervention is the regular feedback mechanism. In this case, there is a need to
establish regular meetings and feedback sessions with all the stakeholders. Such meetings help
address any concerns, track progress, make necessary adjustments to the program, and foster a
sense of ownership and engagement.
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Specific Practice Guideline Supporting the Intervention
The U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treating Tobacco Use and
Dependence advocates for comprehensive smoking cessation programs that involve the integration
of both behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy. The guideline highlights the role of
multicomponent strategy, revealing the combination of such techniques and their effects on
improving the likelihood of successful cessation compared to standard techniques. Behavioral
therapy offers vital support and approaches to tackle psychological aspects and behavioral patterns
linked to smoking, while pharmacotherapy like NRT or medicines like Varenicline assists in the
alleviation of withdrawal symptoms and reduction of nicotine dependence (USPSTF, 2021). The
advocacy for an integrated strategy implies that the guideline acknowledges that tackling both
physical addiction and the behaviors linked to smoking is essential in the attainment of higher
cessation rates and sustenance of long-term abstinence.
Identification of the Organizational Resources
Various resources are required to ensure successful implementation of the pilot project.
One of the organizational resources is the human resource. These include the trained medical
professionals, the behavioral therapists, and the administrative staff. The other resource is the
financial resources (Samardzic et al., 2020). Funding for the training sessions, counseling
programs and materials, and participant incentives are crucial financial resources. The other
resource is the facilities equipment and in this case, the space for counseling sessions, education
materials or tools, and the information technology (IT) resources for tracking and monitoring the
progress are crucial resources.
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How the Outcome of the Intervention will be measured.
The main outcome, which is complete smoking cessation, will be measured through selfreported smoking status as well as biochemical verification using carbon monoxide breast tests
and the cotinine levels in the urine. There is a need for the performance of the follow-up
evaluations carried out three and six months after the intervention. It is targeted at assessing longterm cessation. Such techniques help ensure accurate and reliable measurements of the
participants smoking status, thus confirming individual reports using objective biochemical data.
Conclusion
The pilot project focus is to demonstrate how effective a comprehensive smoking cessation
program is compared to the standard techniques in dealing with smoking issues. Exploiting the
Transtheoretical Model of Change and including the stakeholders implies that the project seeks to
offer compelling evidence that supports the integration of patient or individual-centered cessation
programs within the clinical practice. The practical implementation and the positive outcomes can
significantly affect public health by causing a reduction in smoking incidences and related
complications.
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References
Petkovic, J., Riddle, A., Akl, E. A., Khabsa, J., Lytvyn, L., Atwere, P., Campbell, P., Chalkidou,
K., Chang, S. M., Crowe, S., Dans, L., Jardali, F. E., Ghersi, D., Graham, I. D., Grant, S.,
Smith, R. G., Guise, J.-M., Hazlewood, G., Jull, J., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2020). Protocol
for the Development of Guidance for Stakeholder Engagement in Health and Healthcare
Guideline Development and Implementation. Systematic Reviews, 9(21), 111.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-1272-5
Samardzic, M., Doekhie, K. D., & Wijngaarden, J. D. H. (2020). Interventions to improve team
effectiveness within health care: A systematic review of the past decade. Human
Resources for Health, 18(2). https://human-resourceshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12960-019-0411-3
Sommerfeld, D. H., Aarons, G. A., Naqvi, J. B., Holden, J., Perivoliotis, D., Mueser, K. T., &
Granholm, E. (2020). Stakeholder Perspectives on Implementing Cognitive Behavioral
Social Skills Training on Assertive Community Treatment Teams. Administration and
Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 46(2), 188199.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-0904-8
Trankle, S. A., Usherwood, T., Abbott, P., Roberts, M., Crampton, M., Girgis, C. M., Riskallah,
J., Chang, Y., Saini, J., & Reath, J. (2020). Key stakeholder experiences of an integrated
healthcare pilot in Australia: a thematic analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05794-2
Tseng, M.-F., Huang, C.-C., Tsai, S. C.-S., Tsay, M.-D., Chang, Y.-K., Juan, C.-L., Hsu, F.-C.,
& Wong, R.-H. (2022). Promotion of Smoking Cessation Using the Transtheoretical
Model: Short-Term and Long-Term Effectiveness for Workers in Coastal Central
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Taiwan. Tobacco Use Insights, 15(15), 1179173X2211044.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173×221104410
USPSTF. (2021, January 19). Recommendation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce.
Www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org.
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-inadults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions
Varghese, J., & Muntode Gharde, P. (2023). A Comprehensive Review on the Impacts of
Smoking on the Health of an Individual. Cureus, 15(10).
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46532
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Supporting Evidence
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Implications for Practice
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Problem
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References
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